Story of foreign navigation explorers

Italian navigator. Born in Reina, Italy, he died in Bariadoid, Spain. He is engaged in sailing for a lifetime. Moved to Portugal and Spain. I believe that the Great Earth is said to be in India and China from the East East in Europe. With the support of the King of Spain, he went to sea 4 times (1492 ~ 1493, 1493 ~ 1496, 1498 ~ 1500, 1502 ~ 1504) discovered the American continent, and he became a famous navigator. Open the route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. He has arrived in the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Dominica, Trinida and other islands. For the first time on the south bank of the Gulf of Paria, the Americas continent. The Honduras in Central America arrived at the coastline of more than 2000 kilometers of Lianwan; I met Panama Gorge; discovered and used the low latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean to blow the east wind, and the wind direction of the west wind was high. Prove the correctness of the Great Earth. Promote the connection between the old continent and the new continent. He mistakenly believes that the new continent is India and says locals as Indians.
Mo Cubu worshiped Marco, who had been in the prison in the prison in Genoa. Balo, he has read "Marco Polo Tour" and is yearning for India and China. At that time, Diyuan said that it was very popular, and Columbus was convinced. He has successively requested the king of Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, France and other countries to realize his plan to reach the Eastern country from West Airlines. On the one hand, the theory of Diyuan's theory is not very complete. Many people do not believe it and treat Columbus as liar. Once, at the special review committee of Spain's plan for Columbus plan, a member asked Columbus: Even if the earth was round, it could reach the East to the East and return to the port. How can sails climb up? In this regard, Columbus, who is endless, and the row of the river, there is only a speech. On the other hand, at that time, except for traditional silk, porcelain, and tea, Western countries' demand for Oriental material wealth was spices and gold. Among them, spices are the indispensable materials for Europeans to live and cook in diet. The demand is very large, and it is not produced in the local area. At that time, these products were mainly transported by traditional sea and land transportation commercial roads. The vested interest groups operating these products also strongly oppose Columbia's plan to open up new routes. Columbus has been lobbying for more than ten years to achieve his own plan. Until 1492, the Spanish queen knew the hero with his eyes. He persuaded the king so that the king would even take out his own private money to fund Columbus, so that Columbus's plan was implemented.
On August 3, 1492, Columbus was dispatched by the King of Spain, with the national book of the Indian monarch and the Chinese emperor, and led three hundred tons of sailboats. Go to the West. After seventy days and nights, the land was finally discovered in the early morning of October 12, 1492. Columbus thought it had reached India. Later, the land that Columbus boarded it belonged to the Bahamas Islands in the Paris of the Chinese America, and he named it San Salvador. On March 15, 1493, Columbus returned to Spain. Since then, he repeated his sailing to the West three times and boarded many coasts in the Americas. Until 1506, he always thought he had reached India. Later, an Italian scholar named Ameiigo, after more inspections, learned that these places where Columbus arrived was not India, but a new continent that was originally unknown. Columbus discovered the New World. However, this continent was named by confirming that it was the name of the people of the New World: Ameiligaba. Later, the earliest discovery of various micro -words for who discovered the Americas. Columbus found that the conclusion of the New World was unquestionable. This was because at that time, people from Europe, even Asia, and Africa did not know that there was this continent on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. As for who arrived in the Americas first, it was another question, because the American residents of the Americas themselves migrated from Asia in ancient times. It is also very likely that the ancestors of China and Oceania arrived in the Americas, but none of them could change the fact that Columbus discovered the new continent.
[Edit this paragraph] The influence of the era
1451 Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy. Columbus did not receive much formal education in his youth. Although his father was a famous textilers, Columbus had a strong interest in trafficking of navigation and the Mediterranean.
In the age of 25 in Columbus, that is, 1476, red hair was full of red hair, and he was tall and tall to Portugal with a wreckage of a ship. In the past few years, he lived in Portugal and married, with children. Unfortunately, his young wife died soon. Columbus, who could continue to be steady on the local merchant ships in Portugal, always dream of getting wealth and honor, looking forward to the mysterious place in the west.
The book "Marco Polo" was read by Columbus ’s teenagers. Later, he not only read the book, but also studied it. A Latin -style "Marco Polo" is still preserved in the Columbus Memorial in Seville, Spain, and many Columbus's eyebrow approach is also kept in the book. The reason why Columbus likes to read this book is not only as interesting as the book "Fang Fang Ye Tan", but also because this book is ideal to worship gold. He is very enviable about the places described in the book. He envy the jewelry gold and silver in China and India, but what makes him most enviable is the description of Japan.
The Marco Polo who did not arrive in Japan wrote several chapters about Japan according to rumors. According to his description, Japan is located at the sea of ​​2400 kilometers from the China Coast, and there are endless gold in China. However, because the king does not allow the output of gold, there are very few merchants who do business there. In the golden Japanese country, it was covered with gold to become the king's palace, paved the road and the floor of the room with 4 cm thick BRICS in the palace, and even used gold as a window frame. And there are rosy pearls everywhere, people have to put a pearl in the mouth of the dead during the burial. The book described the war of the Yuan Empire's launch of Japan was caused by the rumors.
Colobu's intention to break out of a route to the East, dreaming that Kublai Khan did not achieve. He once said in a letter that he prayed to the land that got gold from God day and night. In the letter, he wrote: "Gold is the most precious of all goods. Gold is wealth. Everything in the world needs to save the soul from the purgatory and make the soul enjoy the joy of heaven. "
In addition, Columbus's curiosity was also by his show group books and long -term navigation. Practice beating. There is such a paragraph in his diary: "I have never left the sea to live at sea since I was young. This kind of occupation seems to have made all people who do this industry have a kind of mysterious world mystery. Mood. "
In 1476, Columbus joined a French pirate fleet. In a battle to attack the Italian ships, the ship he was on fire sinking, he jumped to the sea to escape, and he swim in the sea for a long time to reach Portugal. Columbus believes that he can not die and reach Portugal's arrangements for him.
In Portugal, the country of "explorers", Columbus learned a lot of navigation knowledge, know how to use compass, sea maps and various new navigation instruments, and obtain the location of the sun and stars to determine the ship to determine the ship. The method of location, and participated in many ocean navigation with the ship. On one occasion, he got a chance to navigate to Iceland. After arriving in Iceland, he continued to sail 160 kilometers, which greatly affected Columbus's later ambitious aspirations. But it may be a story about Nordic pirates that may have a greater appeal to him.
The original meaning of the Nordic pirates is "the person living in the Gulf". Because the original word of the Nordic pirates is vikings, many books are also translated as "Viking". From 800 to 1500 AD, due to the rapid population growth coupled with internal political turmoil, some Swedes, Denmarks, and Norwegians who were good at navigation in the Northern Europe often went out of the sea to seek a new way of life. For a while, they intercepted the merchant ships and attacked the coast of other countries for plundering. Some people also business and explore. The so -called "pirate era" is the title of European historians on this period.
The Vikings of Norwegian AD in AD arrived in Greenland and built residents on the West Coast. This is one of their adventure activities. Around 1,000 AD, a group of people led by Iceland Rave Elekson took a boat to the sea from Greenland to reach the North American coast. Since they find a grape -like vine -like plant there, the transliteration of "Land of Wine" is "Wenlan". Essence As the attack on the local indigenous people, they planned to build a resident point there failed to achieve it.
I. Colibu is convinced that many people only explore the story of Elekson's adventure to Wenlan. He firmly believes that it can reach the land across the Atlantic Ocean, and believes that "Wenlan" is a country in East Asia. From some rumors, Columbus has strengthened his thoughts. That is, during the continuous strong western wind, there are sometimes some corpses floating on the sea. These corpses are neither Europeans nor Africans' bodies. In this regard, Columbus believes that it is the body of Asians living across the ocean.
In addition to Columbus believes that he is the god boat selected by God -carrier to the Christian, to complete the mysterious and inspiration of the mission of discovering the "new heaven and new", but more importantly, the ancient Greek scholar The spherical theory of the earth pointed out and the impact of the concept of the earth in the Middle Ages on the concept of Earth, all this prompted him to take risks.
In 1474, Columbus wrote to his hometown of Italy to a letter from his hometown Italy, a letter from his hometown of Italy, and geographical scientist Toskineli, and asked him, and he asked the shortest route to reach India from the sea. This scholar pointed out: "The kingdom that reaches gold and spices through the Atlantic Ocean is a shorter way to the West Coast of Africa from the Portuguese." She also sent him a schematic diagram with the letter and gave him a schematic. Calculation. According to the Old Testament, Columbus recorded in the scriptures: "On the third day, you should gather the seventh part of the earth to dry the remaining six parts." Conneil's estimation is much smaller. Columbus believes that the three Eurasian and African continections account for 6/7 of the total area of ​​the earth, while the ocean is only 1/7. After studying the works of Ptolemy, Marco Polo, and Dais (1350 ~ 1420), Columbus concluded that the entire earth's longitude was 360 degrees, and the vast Asian land from West Africa to eastward (According to the idea of ​​Ptolemy, the southern end of Africa is connected to the Asian continent), the ocean from West Africa to East Asian shore does not account for 80 degrees.
Mela to the "sea" Arabic measurement unit in the translation of Ptolemy's "Geography", and Columbus calculated that it was calculated without converting into the European "Sea", so Columbus made a mistake. If it starts from the Ghana Islands to the West, because the longitude of the place is shorter than the scaling distance, the distance of each longitude will be reduced to 50 nautical miles (80 kilometers). In this way, China, Japan, and India have arrived by the Ghana Islands to the west.
. Columbus is also famous.

Magellan was born in a noble family and participated in the Portuguese Navy to India in 1505. Although Portugal won the battle on the east coast of Africa and the West Coast of India, it broke the Muslims on the Indian Ocean and seized the maritime trade control point from the Arabs, but failed to control Malacca, and its achievements were not perfect. To this end, he participated in the battle to capture Malacca in 1511. East's wealth flowed into the port of the Western world through Malacca. Portugal controlled the Malacca Strait and grasped the keys to the waters of Malaysia and the port. However, it is necessary to explore the spice islands and the Mo Lujia Islands that produce wealth. Therefore, in December 1511, a reconnaissance sailed. After arriving at Banda Island, he brought a group of spices to return to Lisbon in 1512. The following year, he attacked the Moroccan Fortress Assomer and became a lifelong lame due to injuries. After returning to China in 1514, he played the king twice to ask for promotion and increased annuity, which was rejected.
1517 Magellan went to Spain with the cosmic scholar Fa Cauluo, abandoned Portuguese nationality, and turned to the Spanish King Charles I. In 1518, he became the captain of the expedition fleet and went to open a new route for Spain to Mo Lujia. Magellan confidence can find a strait from the Atlantic to the south. The fleet sailed on September 20, 1519, and 270 sailors came from 9 countries. On September 26, he arrived at Terri Fed Island and continued to sail to Brazil on October 3; he was parked outside the Asian shore. On November 29th, sailing to 27 miles southwest of San Ougosdine (about 5 kilometers). After bypassing Cabfuru, on December 13, the fleet arrived at the Gulf of Reform. In March of the following year, I arrived at the port of St. Julian.
Plash after suppressing the rebellion initiated by the Spanish captains, left Saint -Lian Port on August 24, 1520, and the fleet continued to south. On October 21, bypassing Verjing, he entered 52 degrees south latitude and 50 minutes to enter the south latitude. The strait they are looking for (later named after Magellan). When you arrive at the western end of Taoxia, there are only 3 ships left in the fleet. Enter the "Sea on the South" on October 28. Back to the sea is calm and quiet, known as the "Pacific Ocean". The crew members endured the torture of hunger. With the promotion of the Peruvian Ocean, the great sailing of the Pacific Ocean under the ruthless decision of Magellan.
The on December 18th sailing from the Chilean coast to the northwest. It was only seen on January 24, 1521. It may be the Passa of the Turkhamu Islands. On February 13th, he passed the equator at 158 ​​degrees in the west, and landed for the first time in Guam in the Mariana Islands on March 6. He got fresh food for the first time since 99 days. Sailing on March 9th to the southwest. Later in Massav in the Philippine Islands today, he found the first alliance for Spain in the Pacific. On Cebu Island, local rulers and officials convert to Catholicism. Less than two months later, Magellan was killed while fighting the locals on Macan on April 27. After Magellan's death, only two ships arrived at Morolu, and only the "Victoria" was directed by Elcano to Spain by Elcano in September 1522. There are 17 other Europeans and 4 Indians. Elcano returned from the corner of the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, proved that the earth was round.
Mayon's outstanding contribution is not the global sailing itself, but in its bold beliefs and excellent command of this career. He was the first person to sail from east to west. With more than three months of sailing, he changed the popular concept at the time: it can reach East India only for a few days from the New Continent to the west. The Global sailing of the Magellan fleet proves that the earth is a round body with practice. No matter whether it is from west to east, or from east to west, there is no doubt that we can return to our planet for a week. This is always an indelible great merit in human history.